US Policy Towards Ukraine in Conditions of the New World Order
DOI: 10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.3
Oleg Kondratenko
ORCID: 0000-0002-1905-934X
Dr.hab. (Politilogy), Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the I.F. Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract
The US policy towards Ukraine in the post-bipolar period is considered. The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Ukraine as a new subject of international law. It is proved that in the first years of Ukraine’s independence in the American expert circles the idea of its great international importance as a strategic partner was established. The United States paid great attention to the Ukrainian nuclear issue and helped to shape Ukraine’s nuclear-free status, while guaranteeing territorial integrity and security under the Budapest Treaty Memorandum of 1994, along with the Russian Federation. The United States has consistently provided support for Ukrainian democracy, reform, market transformation and national security. The US views Ukraine as an outpost to strengthen its geopolitical influence in the post-Soviet space and in Eastern Europe, as well as a unique alternative to Russian imperial policy. The United States maintained its support for Ukraine during the difficult times of its historical development, marked by a decline in democracy and an increase in authoritarianism. An important step on the part of the United States was the adoption by the Senate of a bill on the Declaration of Freedom in Ukraine of December 11, 2014, which declared full support for the Ukrainian state. Another important gesture from the US was the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions after annexation of the Crimea by Russia and the deployment of hybrid aggression in the Donbass. Since then, the United States has been providing $ 300 million in annual financial assistance to Ukraine, providing defense weapons and training to the Ukrainian military.
Recently, the US has been contributing to improving Ukraine’s energy security by supporting the diversification of natural gas and nuclear fuel supplies. The prospect of further strengthening of Ukraine’s energy security should be the expansion of the network of LNG terminals in Eastern Europe. Thanks to the imposed sanctions, the US managed to suspend the construction of the Russian gas pipeline “North Stream-2”, which is aimed at undermining Ukraine’s energy transit status. However, the negative sides of Ukraine-US relations should include pressure on Ukraine by the US to prevent China’s partial privatization of the Motor Sich plant and Ukraine’s involvement in US Presidential election scandal.
Key words: USA, Ukraine, Ukrainian-American relations, US policy, Russian aggression, national security.
Full text
References:
1. Bzhezinskij, Z. (2014, September). Harakter igry menjaetsja. Zapad prinimaet tverduju poziciju po Rossii. Obozrevatel. http://obozrevatel.com/politics/31597-bzhezinskij-harakter-igryi-menyaetsya-zapad-sejchas-prinimaet-tverduyu-pozitsiyu-po-rf.htm. [In Russian].
2. Bubnova, N. (2015). Ohlazhdenie v rossijsko-zapadnyh otnoshenijah. Nazad v budushhee? Mezhdunarodnye processy, 13; 4, 135–152. [In Russian].
3. V Ukrayini oholosyly pro zakupivlyu novoyi partiyi amerykans’kyx “Dzhaveliniv”. (2019, Desember). Golos Ameryky. https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/zakupivla-dzhaveliniv/5221022.html. [In Ukrainian].
4. Vashhenko, O. (2016). Problema vstupu Ukrayiny do NATO v konteksti ukrayins’ko-amerykans’kyx vidnosyn. Zovnishni spravy, 3, 16–19. [In Ukrainian].
5. Dudko, I. (2015). CShA yak stratehichnyj partner Ukrayiny: ochikuvannya chy real’nist’? (do pytannya pro dopomohu Ukrayini v umovax ahresiyi RF), Zb. materialiv II mizhnarodnoyi naukovo-praktychnoyi konferenciyi “Spolucheni Shtaty Ameryky u suchasnomu sviti: polityka, ekonomika, pravo, suspil’stvo”. Ch. 2, May 2019. L’viv: Centr amerykans’kyx studij FMV LNU im. I. Franka. Pp. 36–42. [In Ukrainian].
6. Zhelixovs’kyj, S.V. (2015) Amerykans’ki konhresmeny na zaxysti ukrayins’koyi polityky. Zovnishni spravy, 3, 14–17. [In Ukrainian].
7. Kondratenko, O.Yu. (2012). Rosijs’ko-amerykans’ki vidnosyny na zlami tysyacholit’. Filosofiya i politolohiya v konteksti suchasnoyi kul’tury, 4 (3), 204–210. [In Ukrainian].
8. Kondratenko, O.Yu. (2018). Polityka YeS shhodo Ukrayiny ta rosijs’kyj faktor vplyvu. Yevropejs’ki intehracijni procesy u XXI stolitti: klyuchovi tendenciyi, osnovni vyklyky ta novi mozhlyvosti: ukrayins’kyj shhorichnyk z yevropejs’kyx intehracijnyx studij. Luc’k–Kyiv: Teren, Pp. 127–139. [In Ukrainian].
9. Kurt Volker i joho misiya. Shho vin zrobyv dlya Ukrayiny? (2019, September). https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-49863034. [In Ukrainian].
10. Ploxij, S. (2016). Brama Yevropy. Istoriya Ukrayiny vid skifs’kyx voyen do nezalezhnosti. Xarkiv: KSD. [In Ukrainian].
11. Ploxij, S. (2019). Ostannya imperiya. Zanepad i krax Radyans’koho Soyuzu. Xarkiv: Knyzhkovyj klub «Klub Simejnoho Dozvillya». [In Ukrainian].
12. Savchuk, A. (2004, December). Karta “myrotvorcheskyx” proektov Rossyy. Mediaport. http://www.mediaport.ua/karta-mirotvorcheskih-proektov-rossii. [In Ukrainian].
13. Seredyuk, N. (2017). Stratehichne partnerstvo Ukrayina-SShA. Visnyk KNU imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. Mizhnarodni vidnosyny, 1(46), 34–38. [In Ukrainian].
14. SShA nadaly Ukrayini status krayiny z rynkovoyu ekonomikoyu. (2006, February). Korespondent. https://ua.korrespondent.net/business/266312-ssha-nadali-ukrayini-status-krayini-z-rinkovoyu-ekonomikoyu. [In Ukrainian].
15. Fisher, J. (2014, January). Nezalezhnist’ Ukrayiny – osnova bezpeky v Yevropi. Novyny y analityka pro Nimechchynu, Ukrainu, Yevropu ta svit. http://www.dw.de/joshka-fisher-nezalezhnist’-ukrayiny-osnova-bezpeky-v-yevropi/a-17347870?maca=ukr-rss-ukrnet-ukr-all-3816-xml. [In Ukrainian].
16. Xartiya Ukrayina – SShA pro stratehichne partnerstvo 20 hrudnya 2008 roku. Preambula. Sait MZS Ukrainy. http://www.mfa.gov.ua/mfa/ua/news/detail/18635.htm. [In Ukrainian].
17. Xudolij, A. (2016). Amerykans’ko-ukrayins’ki vidnosyny v svitli vyklykiv XXI stolittya. Amerykans’ka istoriya ta polityka, 1, 115–122. [In Ukrainian].
18. Chekalenko, L.D. (2012). Ukrayina – SShA: vid proektiv do realij. Aktual’ni problemy mizhnarodnyx vidnosyn, 107(I), 103. [In Ukrainian].
19. Chekalenko, L.D. (2017). Ukrayina–SShA: dylemy stratehichnoho partnerstva. Amerykans’ka istoriya ta polityka, 1, 122–127. [In Ukrainian].
20. Bush, G.H. (1991, August). «Chicken Kiev Speech» / Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=19864. [In English].
21. Clinton, W. (2000, June). Remarks to the People of Ukraine in Kiev, Ukraine. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58595. [In English].
22. H.R. 982 – Advance Democratic Values, Address Nondemocratic Countries, and Enhance Democracy Act. (2007). US Congress. US Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/982/text.
23. Kubilius, A. (2015, November). A changed reality: the role of the EU and the US in the transformation of Ukraine and Russia. Springer Link. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12290-015-0364-4. [In English].
24. Mackinnon, А. (2019, November). Tramp Resisted Sale of Javelins to Ukraine. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/15/trump-resisted-ukraine-sale-javelin-antitank-missile/. [In English].
25. NATO Freedom Consolidation Act of 2007. US Congress. https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ17/PLAW-110publ17.pdf.
26. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. (2015, September). National Security Strategy Archive. National Security Strategy Archive. http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf. [In English].
27. Ukraine Freedom Support 11th December 2014. Office of the Law Revision Counsel United States Code. http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title22/chapter96A&edition=preli. [In English].